Mutuality of Obligation once again defeats HMRC when Upper Tribunal blows the whistle
By Justine Riccomini, Head of Taxation (Scottish Taxes, Employment and ICAS Tax Community)
19 May 2020
Justine Riccomini explains why the Upper Tax Tribunal did not concur with HMRC’s arguments in this latest employment status case concerning football referees.
Decision
First Tier (FTT)
The FTT originally heard this case in July 2018 and that decision was based upon evidence given in relation to part-time referees who officiate matches in their spare time and are not full-time employees of PGMOL. HMRC had issued determinations for significant amounts of PAYE and NICs covering two tax years (14/15 and 15/16), having decided that the referees were to be classified as employees.
Three key considerations formed the basis of the decision:
1. Mutuality of obligation (which encompasses personal service);
2. Control;
3. Evidence of an independent trade or profession.
Whilst the FTT found the existence of a contractual relationship, it concluded:
- There was no right to appoint a substitute – something which would normally satisfy the mutuality of obligation test - but that the referees could cancel each match as it suited them.
- Overall, there was no guarantee of work on the one side or expectation of it on the other.
- There was not a sufficient degree of control over the referees to induce an employment relationship.
- The referees were in sole charge and had ultimate discretion over decisions made of the matches they officiated, other than to abide by the general rules of football as set out by the FA.
- Whilst other employment-related issues were present, these were overshadowed by the absence of mutuality of obligation.
- The referees were not employed by PGMOL.
Upper Tribunal (UT)
The UT heard the case in January 2020 and crucially considered HMRC’s statement that “Mutuality of obligation is relevant only to the question of whether there is a contract at all… and not to the question whether such contract is one of employment or a contract for services”.
This was rejected because in the UT’s opinion, mutuality is “an essential requirement in categorising a contract as one of employment” and thus, more than simply the provision of personal service. A wider interpretation of mutuality would be necessary. The UT upheld the interpretation of mutuality placed by the FTT.
The UT then went on to explain that in this case as mutuality was the overarching factor, it was not necessary to consider control – but it had done so for the sake of completeness and transparency. This was interesting because the UT actually concluded that the FTT had made an error of judgement in its consideration of the concept of control – but in this case it made no difference to the outcome of the case. HMRC’s appeal was dismissed.
CEST
The HMRC “Check Employment Status for Tax” tool (CEST) has not been configured to consider the concept of mutuality for precisely the reasons stated by HMRC in the UT case above. Despite constant calls from professional bodies and other stakeholders as well as the IR35 Forum that mutuality should be included in the testing tool, and that the test is not sufficiently robust without it, it still doesn’t appear.
HMRC has been reported as saying it intends to appeal this binding decision.
Conclusion
A growing number of tax cases being heard in relation to employment status are now being found to fall down on mutuality of obligation. It remains to be seen whether HMRC employment status policy can be swayed by these judgements and change its technical stance.